کلماتی که در یک پاراگراف وجود دارند و کمک می‌کنند که:
- بخش‌های مختلف یک جمله، بهتر به هم متصل شوند.
- جملات مختلف یک پاراگراف بهتر به هم متصل شوند.
- ایده‌های مطرح شده و منطق و ترتیب بیان آن‌ها قابل فهم‌تر شود و خواننده بهتر بتواند منظور نویسنده را دنبال کند.
Connecting words یا کلمات ربط، انواع مختلفی دارند که در این مقاله، انواع زیر را بررسی می‌کنیم:
- Key words
- Coordinators
- Transition words
- Subordinators
کلمات ربط: key words
به کلمه اصلی، (Key word) که به دفعات در طول یک پاراگراف مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد (که می‌تواند شکل‌های مختلف همان کلمه یا مترادف آن باشد)، Connecting word گفته می‌شود.
برای مثال در متن زیر کلمه Pollution یا سایر مشتقات این کلمه به دفعات در طول پاراگراف تکرار شده‌است:
Environmental pollution is having a devastating effect on mankind. Firstly, water pollution reduces valuable supplies of fresh, clean water needed for daily consumption. Most of the pollutants, which enter the water come from industry, sewage systems, and agriculture. These include chemicals and harmful wastes from animals and plants. Another devastating effect is brought about by air pollution, which turns fresh, clean air into smoggy, unpleasant smelling air. The result of air pollutants is the harm it has on human health. For example, the gases, which are released into the atmosphere can cause such diseases as cancer.
در مثال زیر، کلمه communicate و مشتقات و هم‌معنی‌های آن، connecting word به حساب می‌آیند:
There are many different ways of communicating today. Of course, many people still use landline telephones to communicate with the outside world, but millions now have portable cell phones that allow them to keep in touch with friends and family no matter where they are. In addition to telephones, people use the Internet in a variety of ways to communicate with each other. For example, many send and receive e-mail messages. A lot of young people prefer to keep up with their friends though social networks, such as Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter. Others use the Internet to talk over the telephone. This method of communication is particularly good for people who are far away from home because it’s inexpensive or even free. There’s one way that people rarely communicate today: Very few write letters anymore.
کلمات ربط: coordinators
به کلماتی که دو جمله کامل را به یکدیگر متصل می‌کنند و یک جمله Compound ایجاد می‌کنند Coordinator word گفته می‌شود. کلمات and، but، orو so نمونه‌ای از Coordinator wordها هستند.
– I hid behind my mother, and I did not look at the teacher.
– I wanted to talk to her, but I was afraid.
– I could tell the teacher, or I could suffer in silence.
– The school was near my house, so it took only five minutes to walk there.
کلمات ربط: Transition words
Transition words کلماتی هستند که به خواننده نشان میدهند در ادامه قرار است چه موضوعی مطرح شود.
– During my last holiday, I had to study for exams; therefore, I couldn’t go camping.
– I studied hard; however, I made time to see my friends.
Transition words can also be used between two sentences.
– Beijing is one of the largest cities in China. Moreover, it has many modern office buildings.
– It has a large port. Therefore, it is a center for importing and exporting.
برای مثال، در پاراگراف زیر کلمه Firstly به خواننده نشان می‌دهد که قرار است درمورد اولین پیامد آلودگی محیط زیست صحبت شود یا کلمه For example نشان می‌دهد که قرار است در ادامه مثال آورده شود.
Environmental pollution is having a devastating effect on mankind. Firstly, water pollution reduces valuable supplies of fresh, clean water needed for daily consumption. Most of the pollutants, which enter the water come from industry, sewage systems, and agriculture. These include chemicals and harmful wastes from animals and plants. Another devastating effect is brought about by air pollution, which turns fresh, clean air into smoggy, unpleasant smelling air. The result of air pollutants is the harm it has on human health. For example, the gases, which are released into the atmosphere can cause such diseases as cancer.
کلمات ربط: Subordinators
به کلماتی گفته می‌شود که یک جمله کامل و یک جمله ناقص (جمله‌ای که به خودی خود معنای کامل ندارد) را به یکدیگر متصل می‌کنند و جمله Complex ایجاد می‌کنند. کلمات when، because و although نمونه‌ای از Subordinator ها هستند.
– When I was eight years old, I memorized a long poem.
– It was a big problem because we had different attitudes about it.
– Although I tried to talk to her, she just laughed at me.